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Do interventions targeted at micro-entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized firms create jobs? A systematic review of the evidence for low and middle income countries

机译：针对微型企业家和中小型企业的干预措施是否能创造就业机会？对中低收入国家的证据进行系统的审查

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markdownabstract__Abstract__\ud\udWorldwide, 600 million jobs are needed over the next 15 years to keep employment rates at their current level. Because most employment in low and middle income countries is in micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises, governments, non-governmental organizations and donors spend on targeted programs and broader policies to enhance employment creation in these firms. But despite these efforts, not much is known about which of these interventions are really effective. This systematic review synthesizes the existing evidence on the employment impact of these programs. The results show that the effects have so far been very modest. Even if many interventions were relatively successful in boosting self-employment, expanding employment in already existing firms is generally more difficult but eventually easier in somewhat larger firms compared to very small firms. This finding is also true in relative terms, but it is probably not fully independent from the contexts in which firms of different sizes have been observed. The effects of finance interventions have on average been weaker than the effects of entrepreneurship training or business development services. Our study also reveals that about a third of the interventions covered by this review are not primarily designed to create employment but rather strive for income stabilization and poverty reduction. A further striking finding is that the study design matters for the impacts found; randomized controlled trials find systematically smaller effects than quasi-experimental studies. A significant shortcoming of the literature is that almost nothing is known about long term effects and cost-effectiveness and many studies fail to provide a detailed analysis of why certain effects occurred or did not occur — making it hard to extrapolate lessons.
机译：markdownabstract__Abstract __ \ ud \ ud在未来15年内，全球需要6亿个工作岗位，才能将就业率保持在目前水平。由于低收入和中等收入国家的大多数就业机会是在微型，中小型企业中，因此政府，非政府组织和捐助者会花一些有针对性的计划和更广泛的政策来增强这些公司的就业机会。但是，尽管做出了这些努力，但对于哪种干预真正有效仍知之甚少。这份系统的综述综合了有关这些计划对就业的影响的现有证据。结果表明，到目前为止，效果很小。即使许多干预措施在促进自营职业方面都取得了相对成功，与现有的小企业相比，在现有企业中扩大就业通常也比较困难，但最终在规模较大的企业中更容易实现。从相对的角度来看，这一发现也是正确的，但它可能并不完全独立于观察到不同规模公司的情况。平均而言，金融干预措施的效果要弱于企业家培训或业务发展服务的效果。我们的研究还表明，本综述涵盖的干预措施中约有三分之一并非主要旨在创造就业机会，而是力求稳定收入和减少贫困​​。另一个惊人的发现是研究设计对发现的影响至关重要。随机对照试验发现，与拟实验研究相比，系统性地降低了疗效。文献的一个显着缺点是，关于长期影响和成本效益几乎一无所知，许多研究未能详细分析为什么某些影响发生或没有发生，因此很难推断出教训。

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